Depression is a complex mental health disorder that affects millions of people around the world. It can cause a range of symptoms, including feelings of sadness and worthlessness, loss of interest and pleasure in activities, fatigue, insomnia, changes in appetite and weight, and more. While the exact causes of depression are not known, there are several factors that contribute to its onset. Research is ongoing to identify new treatments for depression that can help people manage their symptoms and lead healthier, happier lives.
The main causes of depression are thought to be psychological, biological, environmental, or a combination of all three. Psychologically, depression can be caused by stress, low self-esteem, feelings of guilt, past trauma, loss, or major life changes such as divorce, job loss, or the death of a loved one. On the biological side, studies have linked depression to an imbalance of hormones, genetics, or irregularities of the immune system. Environmental contributors can include living in poverty, living with a chronic illness, or chronic exposure to abuse.
Treatment for depression typically involves medication, psychotherapy, lifestyle modifications, and light therapy. Medications available to treat depression include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Many of these medications target serotonin, a neurotransmitter that helps regulate mood. Therapy sessions with a therapist or counsellor can help individuals learn to cope with their symptoms, explore possible triggers for their depression, and develop healthy strategies to manage their emotions. Making lifestyle changes, such as exercising regularly, eating a balanced diet, and getting enough sleep, can also help reduce symptoms of depression. Light therapy may be used to help regulate sleep patterns and increase energy levels.
The causes of depression are complex and varied, and the best approach to treat the condition is often a combination of treatments tailored to the individual. While medications, psychotherapy, lifestyle changes, and light therapy are the most common approaches, research is ongoing to identify new treatments for depression. With the right help and support, individuals with depression can learn to manage their symptoms and lead healthier, happier lives.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Washington, American Psychiatric Publishing.
Mayo Clinic. (2018). Depression (major depressive disorder). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356013
National Institute of Mental Health. (2020). What causes depression? Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml